Stable fly

congregate on the legs of livestock to feed, and the population size can be assessed by counting the number of Stomoxys on the animals’ front legs. The flies become [...] days, depending on the environmental conditions. Larvae can even overwinter in livestock housing. At the end of the third instar, the larvae will move to [...] Stable flies belong to the genus Stomoxys , Latin for “sharp mouth”; a fitting moniker, as these flies are the only members of the Muscidae family that feed

Lesser house fly

General The genus Fannia comprises almost 300 different species of fly, including the lesser house fly , the latrine fly and a whole host of other man [...] conditions, the maggots complete three larval stages and pupate (inside a puparium) in a week or more. Fannia puparia resemble the larval form, and the flies [...] manure-breeding flies . Fannia species can be found worldwide, from the arctic to the temperate neotropics, and they typically reproduce in feces, compost

Corn earworm

ears of corn. The larvae feed on the hairs of the young corn and on the young kernels at the tip of the cob. During the third instar, the larvae turn c [...] trace, which makes it necessary to open the crop to detect the pest. Life cycle and appearance of the corn earworm The eggs of corn earworm are a milky-white [...] climates, since the cold reduces or halts their development. Damage symptoms The female lays small quantities of eggs, between one and three, in the hairs of

Fusarium spp.

This species is the only Fusarium that actually grows inside the vascular system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species [...] towards the foot of the plant and enters the vascular system. Inside the vessels, the fungus produces mycelium and many spores (microconidia), which are [...] upwards. At the same time, the plant produces gum as a defence mechanism to stop the fungus from spreading. This gum blocks the xylem and causes the wilting

Fall Armyworm

symptoms The developing larvae eat different parts of the host plant, depending on the crop, the stage of crop development, and the age of the larvae. On [...] distinct white inverted Y-shaped mark on the front of the head and four large spots on the upper surface of the last segment. Pupae are reddish brown and [...] measure 13 to 17 mm in length. The eggs hatch after 3-5 days. Over the next 2 to 3 weeks, the larvae pass through 5-6 stages and the pupal stage takes 9-13 days

Tomato pinworm

under the calyx into the fruit. The name tomato pinworm in derived from the very small pinholes at the points of entry, which are often marked by the presence [...] underside of the leaves. When the presence of the pest is high, they can be found on any part of the plant. They emerge 4 to 7 days after being laid. The larvae [...] which it shares similar habits. Due to the initial damage of the larva which forms a mine, it can be confused with the eggplant leafminer (Gnorimoschema g

Flies

to crops both directly and indirectly. The type of damage depends on the species of the flies. Direct damage is the immediate result of larvae feeding on [...] nuisance, are particularly small flies of the families Sciaridae ( sciarid flies ) and Ephydridae (shore flies). The larvae of these insects generally live [...] live on rotting plant material and are mostly found in the soil. The spotted wing drosophila , Drosophila suzukii , has recently developed into a major pest

Beetles

pupal instar before reaching the adult stage. Larvae have biting mouthparts and mostly feed on the same food as the adults. The pupae do not make a cocoon [...] ladybirds contribute to the control of aphids . Beetles undergo a complete metamorphosis, that is, the larvae do not resemble the adult at all, and must [...] already display many similarities with the adults. The adult beetles usually possess a pair of membranous wings beneath the wing covers. Many species are very

Caterpillars

belong to the Noctuidae (the noctuid or owl moths), which is the largest of all lepidopteran families. Most adults of this family are nocturnal. The caterpillars [...] pupate in the ground. Another family containing several species that damage greenhouse crops is the leafroller family, the Tortricidae. The name ‘leafroller’ [...] not able to chew and therefore graze the underside of leaves. This causes a window effect where the epidermis of the upper leaf surface remains undamaged

Mealybugs and scales

on this honeydew, which, as well as the white, waxy secretion of the mealybugs, reduces the ornamental value of the affected plants. Fruit and flowers are [...] is mainly the great quantity of honey-dew that causes the damage because of the sooty mould that grows on it. Ants are also attracted by the honeydew. [...] form three important families within the superfamily Coccoidea. This superfamily belongs to the order Hemiptera (the true bugs ). Coccoidea are at first