• Powdery mildew

  colonies mostly occur in these crops. In covered roses, the colonies appear first and foremost on the upper side of the leaves. In most crops, the white [...] mildew fungi and especially in greenhouse crops they don’t play a role in the epidemics. Fungal spores germinate on the leaf surface and the germ tubes [...] fairly similar in all plant-pathogen combinations. The symptoms are white fluffy colonies, first and foremost on the upper side of the leaf. In severe epidemics

• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  survives well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts like weeds. It invades the plants through wounds or stomata and then spreads [...] soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field [...] cycle and appearance of Bacterial wilt, brown rot Ralstonia solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  the plants in greenhouse crops and by water in field crops, for example through splashes of rain or irrigation. Both in greenhouses and in the field, spraying [...] tested and disinfected seed Use only tested and certified seed potatoes Apply strict hygiene measures in greenhouse crops: remove infected plants in closed [...] protective clothing and gloves, disinfect tools and greenhouse structures Use a crop rotation in field crops of at least two years and alternate with a non-host

• Grey mould

  fungus in many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs and crop residues or as sclerotia (drought- and cold-resistant structures) in the soil [...] the lesion wilts and dies. In vegetables and strawberry, grey mould ( Botryotinia fuckeliana / Botrytis cinerea ) affects the fruit. In potted plants, the [...] plants or plant parts in a closed plastic bag In tomato: prune with a knife and not by hand, to avoid rugged, irregular wound surfaces In cucumber: remove dead

• Rhizoctonia solani

  rain, water, machinery and tools and in soil particles and via movement of plant parts. The fungus grows from plant to plant and from the soil upward, therefore [...] infect plant parts in contact with the soil and from there can grow upward. Lesions are brown and rot on fruits is brown, water-soaked and sunken. Late infection [...] seen, but they vary in size and colour and are therefore not a good feature to determine the cause of the disease. Life cycle and appearance of Thanatephorus

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  growth (crazy roots). In greenhouse vegetables, the roots overgrow the substrate and in severe epidemics the drippers get clogged. In tomato, excessive vegetative [...] rain and wind and by humans and tools. Until now, no bacteria have been isolated from crazy roots. This disease seems to be caused by a change in the hormonal [...] which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant parts and on the crown. Furthermore

• Black leg of seedlings

  temperatures and causes among others cereal diseases. Damage symptoms Pythium affects roots, in particular those of seedlings. Infected plants lag in growth [...] irreversibly. In potted plants the flower buds fall off. The side roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or [...] are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused for example by too much water, too high or low temperatures or sudden fluctuations in temperature

• Fusarium wilt

  fungi cause vascular wilt, root rot, foot and stem rot, leaf lesions, fruit rot, head blight in cereals and post-harvest decay. Fusarium oxysporum is the [...] stems are cut. In banana, whole plantations may die and the soil may not be suitable for planting for many years to come. Life cycle and appearance of Fusarium [...] effectively with hot water) Use clean substrate in greenhouse crops Disinfect tools, machinery and irrigation water in greenhouses Prevent stress for the plants

• Gummy stem blight

  within two days after opening in areas suspected of disease (only feasible in high-wire crops) Pick and remove dead and diseased leaves Prevent plant diseases [...] leaves and inside the fruits may occur together or individually. Life cycle and appearance of Gummy stem blight Mycosphaerella cucumis survives in crop debris [...] by water drops, tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread

• Capirel

  gallons/acre). Timing Timing and frequency depend on the pest species and the crop environment (relative humidity, soil moisture and temperature). Consult a [...] be used for biological control of various insect pests in orchards, berries, outdoor vegetables and urban trees. Pests Fly larvae ( Diptera ): Sciarid flies [...] develop, and reproduce inside the host. This kills the pest within a few hours to days after infection. Visual effect Infected pest insects in the root