• Mealybugs and scales

  A very small population can thus cause considerable loss of value. Soft scales feed mostly on leaves and twigs, causing discolouration of foliage, stunting [...] of plants and are mostly host plant specific. Apart from the damage they cause by sucking plant sap, mealybugs and soft scales also produce honeydew (on [...] nymphs and females extract the sap from the plant, stunting growth and causing deformation and/or yellowing of leaves, sometimes followed by defoliation

• Aphids

  species that cause damage in cultivated crops. Aphids feed on the sap of plants using their piercing-sucking mouthparts. They damage plants by causing stunting [...] species of aphids can cause leaves to curl or twist as they feed on the plant sap. Biological control of aphids Aphids can cause significant damage to [...] Aphids are among the most harmful pests in greenhouse and field crops, causing plant stress, virus transmission and yield loss. Effective aphid control

• Grey mould

  foot rot complex, which causes rotting of the foot and may cause death of the plants. In cucumber and tomato the fungus causes lesions on pruning wounds

• Strawberry

  Fusarium, caused by various Fusarium species, causes wilting , stunting and root rot in strawberry plants. Phytophthora Phytophthora, caused by the oomycete [...] rot and fruit rot. Botrytis Botrytis, caused by the fungus Botrytis cinerea , is a common fungal disease that causes grey mold, leading to decay and rotting [...] cactorum , leads to crown and root rot, causing plants to decline and die. Powdery mildew Powdery mildew , which can be caused by several fungi, such as Podosphaera

• Sciarid flies

  General Sciarid flies constitute the family of Sciaridae. The species that cause most damage to crops belong to the genera Bradysia and Lycoriella . Lycoriella [...] species are mainly found in commercial mushroom cultivation where they can cause enormous damage. Sciarid flies are usually found in damp, humid environments [...] and non-pathogenic micro-organisms for oviposition. Indirect damage is caused by the larvae and adults transferring fungal diseases, such as Fusarium

• Cyclamen mite

  well as insect and mite predators and parasites. Those living on plants can cause considerable damage to their host. Tarsonemids like the cyclamen mite ( [...] slowly. Symptoms vary depending on the host plant and can resemble the damage caused by viruses. Infested leaves are twisted or curled, distorted, brittle and [...] flowers are damaged and leaf growth is inhibited. In hedera, a mite attack can cause baldness in parts of the stem. Gerbera flowers deform and discolour with

• Caterpillars

  rs are highly destructive pests that feed on leaves, stems and fruits, causing serious damage to greenhouse and field crops. Their feeding reduces pho [...] chewing mouthparts and can devour large amounts of plant tissue. Many species cause damage to crops. The most harmful caterpillars that occur in greenhouses [...] a single crop, most are polyphagous. Caterpillar damage Caterpillars can cause serious economic damage. Most species feed on leaves and young shoots, and

• Powdery mildew

  General Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that is caused by many different species of fungi such as Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Oïdium, Leveillula. Damage [...] happens. In apple, pear, outdoor grown rose and other Rosaceae , the fungus causing powdery mildew is extremely sensitive to water and ‘hides’ on the underside [...] or drop off. Life cycle and appearance of Powdery mildew The fungi that cause powdery mildew ( Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Oïdium, Leveillula ) are all biotrophic

• Gummy stem blight

  bryoniae) is a fungal plant pathogen that causes gummy stem blight. Damage symptoms Mycosphaerella cucumis in cucumber causes brown lesions on the foot and higher

• Beetles

  Biological control of beetles Beetles can cause serious damage in many greenhouse and field crops by feeding on leaves, roots, or fruits, leading to reduced [...] others cannot fly at all. Beetle damage Both larvae and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots [...] bore into stems, but in other species also feed on leaves. Adult beetles cause damage by feeding on fruits, flower buds and leaves depending on the species