• Fusarium spp.

  inside the vascular system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed upwards on the outside of the plant [...] one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels, which can be seen when the stems are [...] ascospores. In general, the life cycle of different Fusarium species is similar. Fusarium overwinters for many years in the soil, and on crop residues of infected

• Powdery mildew

  infected. In pepper, the fluffy colonies occur mostly on the underside of the leaf, because the fungus infects the plant by entering through the stomata [...] on the underside of the leaf. On the upper side, yellow spots are noticeable. In case of a severe epidemic, the fluffy colonies also appear on the upper [...] epidermal layer of plant cells. Most of the fungus remains on the outside of the plant surface. On the mycelium on the plant surface, new conidiophores are

• Fusarium wilt

  inside the vessel system of the host plant and spreads upwards inside the plants. The other species are dispersed upwards on the outside of the plant. [...] one side of the plant. Finally, the whole plant wilts. Other symptoms are brown discolouration of the xylem vessels which can be seen when the stems are [...] takes place as infection of the roots at the root tip or in small wounds, for example where lateral roots branch off from the tap root. How to prevent

• Rhizoctonia solani

  plant parts that are in or close to the soil. Early infection of the growing tips of the roots shortly after germination causes death of seedlings (‘damping-off’) [...] collar of fungal mycelium occurs at the base of the stem. This crown rot may result from root infection or from direct infection of the foot. The fungus [...] res. These spores don’t play a role in the epidemics or dispersal of the fungus, only the mycelium is important in this context. Thanatephorus cucumeris

• Grey mould

  cinerea ) is part of the foot rot complex, which causes rotting of the foot and may cause death of the plants. In cucumber and tomato the fungus causes lesions [...] pruning wounds. These lesions may encircle the stem, so the part of the plant above the lesion wilts and dies. In vegetables and strawberry, grey mould ( [...] that it excretes compounds that kill the plant cells and then uses the content of the plant cells as nutrients. On the infected area, new spores are formed

• Gummy stem blight

  ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread of the disease downwards. How to prevent Gummy stem blight [...] cucumber, the most important symptom is internal fruit rot, which can only be recognized from the outside by the small narrowing of the tip of the mature fruits [...] a cucumis in cucumber causes brown lesions on the foot and higher up on the stem. On the lesions, golden-brown gummy drops occur, hence the name gummy

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection. Rhizobium rhizogenes puts a Ri-plasmid in the plant tissue and [...] crown gall The primary source of infection by Rhizobium rhizogenes has not yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but [...] disinfection of tools, drippers, gutters etc. Adjust the work order in greenhouses to fit with the hygiene protocol Disinfect the nutrient solution in order to

• Sweet pepper

  purple and brown. The sweet pepper is a very rich source of vitamin C and antioxidants. The level of carotene is even nine times higher in red peppers. Red [...] About The sweet pepper, also referred to as bell pepper or just pepper, is part of a specific group of cultivars that belongs to the species Capsicum annuum [...] annuum . These different cultivars of the sweet pepper plant bear fruit in different colours ranging from vanilla/white and yellow to orange, green and

• Spotted Wing Drosophila

  unripe fruits. The larval development takes place in the fruit. The larvae pupate either fully or partly in the fruit, or outside the fruit on the ground. [...] tubes which stick out of the fruit. There are three larval instars and in the third instar the larvae are about 3.9 mm long. The pupae of Drosophila suzukii [...] Larval feeding in the fruit leads to fruit tissue collapse. Even if the fruits have not collapsed, the occurrence of larvae within the fruit makes them

• Vine mealybug

  but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess [...] secretion of the mealybugs, reduces the ornamental value of the affected plants. Fruit and flowers are also fouled, rendering them unfit for sale, and the reduced [...] damage on the crop in various ways: Nymphs and females extract the sap from the plant, stunting growth and causing deformation and / or yellowing of leaves