Southern European marshland pyralid
caterpillars to inflict damage to the roots of crops cultivated in an ebb-and-flow irrigation system. The damage threshold varies considerably according to the [...] laid singly or in groups of 5 to 10 eggs, overlapping in a tile-like fashion on both the upper and lower surface of leaves close to the veins, or low on the [...] made of webbing, frass and soil particles. The pupa itself is yellow-brown, becoming darker as the adult gets closer to emergence, and measures 9 to 12 mm