Cabbage moth

the abdomen is a pale, greyish brown. The moth flies only at dawn and dusk, hiding in the crop during the day. Several days after emerging from their pupae [...] the caterpillar is green with a dark back and thick, yellow, lateral longitudinal stripe. The full-grown caterpillar varies in colour from green or brown [...] General The cabbage moth (Mamestra brassicae) is a highly polyphagous defoliator. Besides being a major cabbage pest, it feeds on 70 plants of 22 families

Bacterial canker of tomato

General Clavibacter is a quarantine organism in Europe, which means that strong efforts are used to prevent the bacterium from entering. When the occasional [...] of C lavibacter infection, but other than that the disease is difficult to distinguish from wilting caused by other pathogens. On potato tubers, first [...] tubers. This discolouration is round, hence the name ring rot. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial canker of tomato Clavibacter is seed-borne and tuber-borne

Aphidius matricariae

wasp Aphidius matricariae Aphidius matricariae is a parasitic wasp belonging to the family Braconidae and is widely recognized for its role in biological [...] aphids . This small wasp is a valuable natural enemy in both agricultural and horticultural settings. Aphidius matricariae is used for the control of the [...] matricariae is available in a bottle ( Aphipar-M ). Spread the material on rock wool slabs or in Diboxes Make sure the material remains dry and is not moved

Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but it is possible that first infection is from the propagation material. Infection [...] have been isolated from crazy roots. This disease seems to be caused by a change in the hormonal system of the plant resulting from the Rhizobium infection [...] Agrobacterium rhizogenes and Agrobacterium rubi, n ow the first part of the name is changed to Rhizobium. Rhizobium rhizogenes or Rhizobium radiobacter causes

Broad mite

females is different to the others and not used for walking. The larvae stay in their larval cuticle for one or two days and then emerge. This stage is often [...] s latus ) resembles the adult, but is slightly smaller and has only three pairs of legs. The emerging adult mite is roughly 0.2 mm long, oval and broad [...] tips, young leaves and flower buds. The mechanism causing the deformation is not yet fully understood, possibly the mites, whilst sucking out the contents

Black leg of seedlings

the oospores is stimulated by exudates from roots of a susceptible host nearby. The oospores germinate and form so-called sporangia from which subsequently [...] General Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress, caused [...] plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium infection is the easy stripping of the skin from the root cortex with a finger nail. Life cycle and appearance

Tomato leaf miner

distinguish from feeding spots. Larvae of Liriomyza bryoniae are transparent white, older larvae have a yellow head. When the larva hatches from the egg, [...] the underside. The late third instar larva, that emerges from its tunnel just prior to pupating, is known as a prepupa. This stage lasts only a few hours [...] including North Africa, Europe and northern Asia. In warmer regions, the insect is found outdoors but in temperate regions it only occurs in greenhouses. The

Aphidius colemani

wings, and is black with dark brown legs. A female has a more pointed abdomen that is as long as the wings, is equipped with an ovipositor, and is black, with [...] colemani Aphidius colemani is a parasitic wasp used for biological pest control . This species belongs to the Braconidae family and is primarily known for its [...] horticultural environments. Aphidius colemani is widely used in the biological control of aphids . Aphidius colemani is used for the control of the following pests:

Grape downy mildew

parasitize mesophyll cells. The latent period (the time from infection to visible symptoms) ranges from 4 to 21 days, depending on temperature; the most rapid [...] Grape downy mildew or grapevine downy mildew, caused by Plasmopara viticola , is one of the most important diseases in wine and table grape production worldwide [...] 7–10 days post-infection (depending on temperature and humidity), the disease is often well-established before it can be visually detected in the field. Leaf

Powdery mildew

General Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that is caused by many different species of fungi such as Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Oïdium, Leveillula. Damage [...] fungus causing powdery mildew is extremely sensitive to water and ‘hides’ on the underside of the leaves. Therefore, this is where the colonies mostly occur [...] structures are produced, the haustoria, from which the fungus penetrates the plant cell and takes up nutrients from the epidermal layer of plant cells. Most