a liquid layer, a dry leaf surface does not stop the nematodes. Depending on climatic conditions, nematodes survive on the leaf surface for many hours
but it later widens to become blotch-shaped. Older larvae usually fold the leaf over itself, or knit 2 leaves together, between which they continue to feed
in the crop can cause deformed growth above with lumpy leaves and curled leaf margins. The immediate effects of piercing by the aphids are visible in lower
for maximum dispersal and leaf adherence. Application rates for permanent crops should be adjusted based on plant size and leaf area. Soil applications Soil
in greenhouse and field crops. Their feeding and virus transmission cause leaf deformation, silvering and fruit damage, leading to reduced yield and ma [...] hatching, the larvae begin to feed on plant tissue on the underside of the leaf. The larvae are smaller than the adults and lack wings. Depending on the
however, can also feed on root hairs, rootlets, and tender root, stem and leaf tissue. Later instars may even feed on plant stems. The injuries caused by
which make them appear skeletonized. The last two instars may eat the entire leaf except for the midrib or other large veins. On tomatoes, the tomato looper
result of larvae feeding on root hairs and tender roots as well as stem and leaf tissue and fruits. The lesions caused by feeding larvae provide invasion
between plants, specifically: hemp streak virus, hemp mosaic virus, hemp leaf chlorosis virus, cucumber mosaic virus, hemp mottle virus and alfalfa mosaic
many ornamental crops. Western Flower Thrips Frankliniella occidentalis on a leaf Damage symptoms Thrips cause damage to plants by piercing the cells of the