• Tomato leaf miner

  ovipositor, usually in the upper side of the leaf. Egg spots are oval and hard to distinguish from feeding spots. Larvae of Liriomyza bryoniae are transparent [...] roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate [...] Europe and northern Asia. In warmer regions, the insect is found outdoors but in temperate regions it only occurs in greenhouses. The tomato leaf miner

• American serpentine leaf miner

  , usually in the upper side of the leaf. Egg spots are oval and hard to distinguish from feeding spots. The larvae of Liriomyza trifolii are entirely [...] roughly one hour the larva crawls out of the leaf and falls to the ground. This occurs in the early morning. The larva crawls into the ground to pupate [...] indirectly. The most direct damage is caused by the larvae mining the leaf tissue, leading to desiccation, premature leaf-fall and cosmetic damage. In tropical

• Predatory mites

  deutonymphal and adult stages the mites feed almost continuously. Protonymphs and deutonymphs are similar to the adults in appearance, but smaller in size. Predatory [...] pesticides. Koppert is the pioneer in the development of predatory mite solutions, starting in 1967 with the rearing of the predatory mite Phytoseiulus [...] mites, food, and carrier materials. The mites breed within the sachets and subsequently disperse into the crop. These release sachets are constructed from

• Diglyphus isaea

  from the mine. This is also seen in the pillars that remain visible as black spots in the leaf. The adult is metallic green to black in colour and unlike [...] usually pupates in the mine some distance from the dead host. Pupal stage: The pupa lies between the upper and lower epidermis of the leaf which are held apart [...] Diglyphus isaea The parasitic wasp Diglyphus isaea is available in a bottle ( Miglyphus ). Release parasitic wasps between the leaves of the crop in the morning

• Thrips

  egg, she makes an opening in the plant tissue. The eggs are laid in leaves, flower petals and in the soft parts of stalks. On the leaves of sweet pepper, [...] are smaller than the adults and lack wings. Depending on the species, thrips either pupate on the plant or in the ground. The pre-pupal and pupal instars [...] Thrips larvae are usually pale or transparent in color and have a similar shape to the adults but are smaller and lack wings. One of the most distinctive

• Cabbage moth

  marking in the middle. The hindwings are light brown with a rather inconspicuous spot in the middle. Head and thorax are grey-brown with white spots, and [...] and the abdomen is a pale, greyish brown. The moth flies only at dawn and dusk, hiding in the crop during the day. Several days after emerging from their [...] to black. In younger instars, the relatively large head capsule is conspicuous. In older instars, the lighter colour of the bands between the body segments

• Grapevine powdery mildew

  according to the phenological growth stage and the severity of the infection. Early signs manifest as chlorotic (pale green to yellow) spots, which rapidly [...] while shoots and flowers exhibit stunted growth and poor fruit set. During berry development, the pathogen colonizes the epidermis, causing the skin to lose [...] bodies) attached in the bark crevices and plant debris. In spring, chasmothecia release ascospores during periods of favorable temperature and moisture, initiating

• Garden chafer

  feeds on roots of grasses and clover. The adults feed on the leaves of trees like oak, hazelnut and birch and on the flowers and developing fruits of, for [...] roses and cherries. Damage symptoms The garden chafer ( Phyllopertha horticola ) does most of its damage in the larval stage when it feeds on the roots [...] ground within stems of plants and on strawberry fruits lying on the ground. Both adult beetles and larvae are polyphagous and feed on a wide variety of plant

• Rhizoctonia solani

  sclerotia are visible. They fall off the plant onto the soil and thus increase the pathogen density in the soil for the next crop. The mycelium grows in a typical [...] infection of the foot. The fungus may also infect plant parts in contact with the soil and from there can grow upward. Lesions are brown and rot on fruits [...] On the diseased areas, sclerotia can be seen, but they vary in size and colour and are therefore not a good feature to determine the cause of the disease

• Asian citrus psyllid

  widely distributed in southern Asia and the disease is responsible for the destruction of several citrus industries in Asia and Africa. In North America, it [...] through most of the southern states and Mexico however the state of Florida is the most affected area by the vectored disease. Damage symptoms The psyllid is [...] eye spots at maturity. Eggs are anchored to plant tissue in an upright position, and large numbers of eggs may be found on a single spot. Nymphs are green