• Rhizoctonia solani

  (‘damping-off’), both before and after emergence. A typical symptom of root infection is that the taproot is reduced to a thread. Reddish-brown lesions [...] Dispersal is by rain, water, machinery and tools and in soil particles and via movement of plant parts. The fungus grows from plant to plant and from the [...] the fungus, only the mycelium is important in this context. Thanatephorus cucumeris is a soil-inhabiting fungus, that is very persistent in the soil. It

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  appears which is first white and later turns grey-brown. This is actually the sporulation of the pathogens extruding from the stomata. Life cycle and appearance [...] the optimum temperature is around 15 o C and the closer the temperature is to this, the shorter the leaf wetness period that is required. Inside the plant [...] non-host crops Prevent a humid microclimate. Achieve this by lowering crop density, good aeration during propagation and maintaining a warm and dry climate in

• Grapevine powdery mildew

  canopy structure and fruit support Flower and cluster symptoms Infection of flowers and young clusters during flowering Poor fruit set and increased flower [...] Grapevine powdery mildew (Erysiphe necator) is a widespread fungal disease that poses a serious threat to commercial viticulture worldwide. The pathogen [...] flowers, and grape clusters, causing yield losses, reduced fruit quality, and increased risk of bunch rot. Powdery mildew thrives under warm and humid c

• Grey mould

  cinerea ) is a commonly found fungus in many environments. It survives in plant parts like bulbs and crop residues or as sclerotia (drought- and cold-resistant [...] infected after abortion and then provide a large amount of inoculum Extra Silicon and/or Calcium nutrition hardens the cell walls and makes it harder for the [...] Botrytis cinerea ) is part of the foot rot complex, which causes rotting of the foot and may cause death of the plants. In cucumber and tomato the fungus

• Bacterial canker of tomato

  discolouration is round, hence the name ring rot. Life cycle and appearance of Bacterial canker of tomato Clavibacter is seed-borne and tuber-borne and primary [...] clothing and gloves, disinfect tools and greenhouse structures Use a crop rotation in field crops of at least two years and alternate with a non-host crop [...] on stems, leaves and fruits. Leaves and shoots wilt. On the lower leaves, blister-like white lesions occur, which later turn brown and may merge. The leaves

• Powdery mildew

  General Powdery mildew is a fungal disease that is caused by many different species of fungi such as Erysiphe, Podosphaera, Oïdium, Leveillula. Damage [...] apple, pear, outdoor grown rose and other Rosaceae , the fungus causing powdery mildew is extremely sensitive to water and ‘hides’ on the underside of the [...] mildew fungi and especially in greenhouse crops they don’t play a role in the epidemics. Fungal spores germinate on the leaf surface and the germ tubes

• Heterorhabditis bacteriophora

  pests by parasitizing and killing them, providing a natural and environmentally friendly method of pest management in agriculture and horticulture. How to [...] Nematodes can be applied using a watering can, an airblast sprayer, through a sprinkler system, with a backpack sprayer, or a vehicle-mounted spray unit To [...] bacteriophora is a species of beneficial nematode commonly used in biological pest control . These microscopic roundworms are parasitic and are known for

• Fusarium wilt

  General Fusarium is a group of soil-borne fungi with many different species. Fusarium is widespread and can infect a range of host crops. Many species [...] blight in cereals and post-harvest decay. Fusarium oxysporum is the species causing vascular wilt. First the leaves turn yellow and wilt, mostly on one [...] pathogenic on a limited number of crops. Even within one crop, different formae speciales may occur and cause different symptoms. Fusarium oxysporum is the only

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant parts and on the crown. Furthermore, infection is ch [...] dispersed by rain and wind and by humans and tools. Until now, no bacteria have been isolated from crazy roots. This disease seems to be caused by a change in [...] yet been defined. The assumption is that the bacteria survive in the soil, but it is possible that first infection is from the propagation material. Infection

• Black leg of seedlings

  roots rot and very little of the root system survives. On the border between air and soil or substrate the plant turns brown. A typical symptom of a Pythium [...] belongs to the Oomycetes, a separate group of microorganisms and is therefore not a real fungus. It survives as oospores, resting spores which are resistant [...] General Pythium is considered a ‘weak pathogen’, meaning that it can usually only affect plants that are in a sub-optimal condition or suffer from stress