• Bacterial wilt, brown rot

  survives well in water and in many different soil types and on alternative hosts like weeds. It invades the plants through wounds or stomata and then spreads [...] soil-borne disease and colonises the xylem, causing bacterial wilt and brown rot in a very wide range of potential host plants. Damage symptoms In potato, field [...] cycle and appearance of Bacterial wilt, brown rot Ralstonia solanacearum is a quarantine organism in Europe and considered a bioterrorist organism in the

• Rhizoctonia solani

  rain, water, machinery and tools and in soil particles and via movement of plant parts. The fungus grows from plant to plant and from the soil upward, therefore [...] infect plant parts in contact with the soil and from there can grow upward. Lesions are brown and rot on fruits is brown, water-soaked and sunken. Late infection [...] seen, but they vary in size and colour and are therefore not a good feature to determine the cause of the disease. Life cycle and appearance of Thanatephorus

• Crazy roots, hairy roots, crown gall

  growth (crazy roots). In greenhouse vegetables, the roots overgrow the substrate and in severe epidemics the drippers get clogged. In tomato, excessive vegetative [...] rain and wind and by humans and tools. Until now, no bacteria have been isolated from crazy roots. This disease seems to be caused by a change in the hormonal [...] which are first white and later turn brown. Only Rhizobium radiobacter causes galls and tumours on underground plant parts and on the crown. Furthermore

• Sweet pepper

  pepper plant bear fruit in different colours ranging from vanilla/white and yellow to orange, green and red and even dark purple and brown. The sweet pepper [...] pepper is a very rich source of vitamin C and antioxidants. The level of carotene is even nine times higher in red peppers. Red coloured peppers also contain

• Gummy stem blight

  within two days after opening in areas suspected of disease (only feasible in high-wire crops) Pick and remove dead and diseased leaves Prevent plant diseases [...] leaves and inside the fruits may occur together or individually. Life cycle and appearance of Gummy stem blight Mycosphaerella cucumis survives in crop debris [...] by water drops, tools and hands of workers. The ascospores are the main source of dispersal of disease upwards in the crop and the conidia for spread

• Downy mildew of Cucurbits

  during propagation and maintaining a warm and dry climate in greenhouses. Use hygiene measures. Start clean, remove crop residues and prevent splashing [...] stomata. Life cycle and appearance of Downy mildew Pathogens causing downy mildew are not fungi but Oomycetes and related to Pythium and Phytophthora. They [...] sporangia are formed, structures in which zoospores are produced. However, in downy mildews, sporangia often germinate directly and the germ tubes infect the

• Flies

  soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their larvae live in the ground and prefer moist [...] problem in greenhouse and field crops, where they disturb plant growth, spread diseases and affect crop hygiene. Their larvae can damage roots and growing [...] traps, lures, and attractants Insect traps Sticky traps Beneficial nematodes and predatory mites target fly larvae in the soil, while traps and attractants

• Beetles

  larvae and adults of beetles can cause damage to crops. The larvae of some species feed on growing tips and roots or chew and bore into stems, but in other [...] can cause serious damage in many greenhouse and field crops by feeding on leaves, roots, or fruits, leading to reduced growth and yield loss. Effective beetle [...] traps Beneficial nematodes actively seek out and eliminate beetle larvae in the soil, while traps help monitor and reduce adult beetle populations. With Koppert’s

• Green peach aphid

  cycle and appearance of green peach aphid Aphids have a complex life cycle, with both winged and wingless forms of adults and a great variety in colour [...] least 100 different viruses and is thus rightfully feared by many growers. Nymphs and adults extract nutrients from the plant and disturb the balance of growth [...] occurs early enough in the season, the death of young plants. Retarded growth and defoliation reduce yield, Plant sap is rich in sugars, but has a low

• Citrus mealybug

  distribution and many and diverse host plants. In temperate regions of the world this mealybug poses a problem in greenhouse horticulture, and in the tropics [...] croton and kalanchoë, but also in roses and gerbera. Additionally, the citrus mealybug ( Planococcus citri ) can also appear in cucumber, melon and aubergine [...] reduction of photosynthesis and therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate