Long-tailed mealybug

length of the other filaments is roughly half the width of the body. The female is 3 - 4 mm long. Reproduction in Pseudococcus longispinus , may be sexual or [...] but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess [...] secretion of the mealybugs, reduces the ornamental value of the affected plants. Fruit and flowers are also fouled, rendering them unfit for sale, and the reduced

Tobacco whitefly

peppers, yellowing of the flower stalks in gerbera, and serious yellowing of the leaves of French beans. Other symptoms include the appearance of chlorotic patches [...] tobacco in Greece in 1889, hence the name tabaci . It has subsequently been found in most tropical and subtropical countries of the world. The original [...] propensity for the transmission of viruses. Damage symptoms The larvae of whitefly need a lot of protein for growth, and thus consume a large quantity of plant

Citrus mealybug

but low in proteins. In order to gain an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess [...] secretion of the mealybugs, reduces the ornamental value of the affected plants. Fruit and flowers are also fouled, rendering them unfit for sale, and the reduced [...] reduced level of photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit production. In ornamental crops, the mere presence of mealybugs is sufficient

Vine mealybug

an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Charac [...] growing on this honeydew. Additionally, the white, waxy secretion of the mealybugs, reduces the ornamental value of the affected plants. Fruit and flowers are [...] oval shape and has no wings. The body is covered with a fine waxy material and have 18 pairs of wax rods round the edge of the body, and two slightly longer

Southern European marshland pyralid

caterpillars often stay in the lower strata of the crop, sometimes attacking the stem of the plant as well as the leaves. Late instar larvae burrow into soft [...] line on the forewing. The end of the remarkably long abdomen bends upward almost vertically, with the abdomen of males often being longer than that of females [...] either within the crop or in another suitable spot in the vicinity. Pupation occurs in a cocoon made of webbing, frass and soil particles. The pupa itself

Leaf miners

quantity of foliage can be lost before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel depends on the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host [...] belong to the order Diptera (the true flies ) and form the family Agromyzidae. This is a family of small flies whose larvae tunnel into the leaves of plants [...] There are many species of leaf miner affecting various crops in temperate parts of the world. Under natural conditions, the larvae of these species are p

Glasshouse potato aphid

deformations in the growing tip of the plant. Precisely where the plant is pierced is unimportant. The piercing of the lower leaves in the crop can cause [...] leaves and curled leaf margins. The immediate effects of piercing by the aphids are visible in lower leaves in the form of yellow patches. Heavy yellowing [...] alternation of hosts, and the two types of life cycles occur on the same host plant. The aphid can overwinter not only in greenhouses, but also outdoors in sheltered

Impatiens thrips

low in the crop. In sweet pepper the damage can be seen as discolouration of older leaves at the bottom of the plant. Life cycle and appearance of Impatiens [...] causing the surrounding tissue to die. The resulting silver-grey patches on leaves and the black dots of their excreta indicate their presence in the crop [...] on the plant, specifically on the leaves. Eggs are deposited in the leaf tissue, while subsequent stages are found on the upper- and undersides of the

Aphids

damage to plants in several ways, and the damage can vary depending on the species of aphid and the type of plant being attacked. The following are common [...] larger than the other. For a large part of the season an aphid population consists of viviparous females. As reproduction is asexual, the progeny of a single [...] throughout the world. Aphids form a single, very large group of insects: the super- family Aphidoidea, belonging to the order Hemiptera . The aphids discussed

Greenhouse whitefly

found on the oldest leaves. The adult emerges from the pupa via a T-shaped fissure. The adult whiteflies can usually be found in the top of the plant and [...] General The greenhouse whitefly ( Trialeurodes vaporariorum ) is one of the major pests of vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses throughout the world [...] to a crop is the result of sucking out the sap from the plant leaves and secreting honeydew. This can have the following consequences: If the population