Long-tailed mealybug

an adequate intake of protein, mealybugs must therefore ingest large quantities of sap, getting rid of the excess sugars in the form of honeydew. Charac [...] reduction of photosynthesis and therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order to gain [...] the reduced level of photosynthesis in the leaves also reduces flower and fruit production. In ornamental crops, the mere presence of mealybugs is sufficient

Spotted Wing Drosophila

General Since the start of its invasion in 2008/2009, the spotted wing drosophila, which is originally from Asia, has spread extensively in North and South America [...] cycle and appearance of Spotted wing drosophila Adult spotted-wing drosophila are small, 2-3 mm in lengthg, and have a wingspan of 6-8 mm. Males are smaller [...] tubes which stick out of the fruit. There are three larval instars and in the third instar the larvae are about 3.9 mm long. The pupae of Drosophila suzukii

Cyclamen mite

smaller than usual. In cyclamen, the flowers are damaged and leaf growth is inhibited. In hedera, a mite attack can cause baldness in parts of the stem. Gerbera [...] found in cyclamen, gerbera and other ornamentals . Mites belonging to the family of tarsonemids ( Tarsonemidae ) display a greater diversity of feeding [...] to transport pharate females. Eggs of the cyclamen mite are about half the size of the adult mite. They are oval in form, smooth, transparent and twice

Hemp russet mite

found on the underside of leaves. This results in smaller leaf size and suppressed bud growth leading to a reduction in the number of buds and dwarfed buds [...] quality. Other signs of damage include dull, greyish, or bronzed leaves and upward curling of leaf edges. Life cycle and appearance of Hemp russet mite All [...] caused by the mites sucking out the contents of plant cells. Hemp russet mite develops on the stems and petioles of the hemp plant and can cause stunting. When

Cotton leafworm

species feeding on plants of 40 families, containing 87 species of economic importance. It originates in Egypt, and is currently found in Africa, the Canary Islands [...] skeletisation of the leaves, whereby all that remains are the bigger veins. Young larvae also bore into buds, which results in shedding or drying up of the buds [...] littoralis ) also attacks the young grains in the ear. Life cycle and appearance of Cotton leafworm Each adult female of the cotton leafworm (Spodoptera littoralis)

Stable fly

long), white, sausage-shaped eggs (singly, or in bunches of 25–30) in humid areas with large amounts of decaying organic matter, such as compost piles [...] insects and can travel up to 20 km in search of new hosts. Damage symptoms Stable flies typically congregate on the legs of livestock to feed, and the population [...] believed they first originated somewhere in Eurasia. Stable flies superficially resemble house flies, but are lighter in colour and have biting mouth parts.

Diamond back moth

They are deposited singly or in small groups of two or ten eggs on both the upper and lower surface of leaves, preferentially in depressions, and rarely on [...] chlorophyll-rich green areas of stems and pods causing whitening of the crop. Heavily damaged plants appear stunted and will, in most cases, die. On rapeseed [...] young seed pods, causing loss of pods and seeds. Life cycle and appearance of Diamond back moth The oval and flattened eggs of the diamond back moth (Plutella

Tomato leaf miner

damage. In (sub-)tropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown plants of fruiting [...] crop damage in many parts of the world, including North Africa, Europe and northern Asia. In warmer regions, the insect is found outdoors but in temperate [...] occurs in greenhouses. The tomato leaf miner has been found in greenhouses for decades, but has become a common pest since the 1960’s, particularly in sweet

Manual Growing lights

account the angle of the sun and the presence of a sidewall screen for placement of hives. To make sure bumblebees only fly around in the greenhouse at [...] during the winter months. Keep in mind that growing lights produce a lot of heat, and can therefore influence the local climate in the greenhouse. This can lead [...] spectrum for foraging, but do not see in the red light spectrum. Conversely, humans do see in the red light spectrum but also in the green and blue light spectrum

Shore fly

very commonly, often in the vicinity of water. They feed on algae. Other shore fly species have diverse feeding habits but the larvae of most species feed [...] flowers in ornamental crops, lettuce and herbs also causes cosmetic damage, and sometimes this can occur on such a scale that growth, particularly of young [...] young cuttings, can be retarded. Life cycle and appearance of Shore fly The life cycle of the shore fly ( Scatella tenuicosta ) has the following stages: egg