Aphids

reproduction is asexual, the progeny of a single female is genetically identical to the mother. In other words, they are clones. Because there is no genetic [...] harmful pests in greenhouse and field crops, causing plant stress, virus transmission and yield loss. Effective aphid control is essential for maintaining [...] of aphids that have been described, and they can be found in a variety of habitats throughout the world. Aphids form a single, very large group of insects:

Entomite-M

insects. The mites appear in and on the soil and at the base of plant stems. The reduction of the infestation level occurs at a slow but steady rate. Pack [...] be moist, rich in organic matter and have a loose structure. The minimum temperature for successful use of Entomite-M is 15°C/59°F. Combined use For thrips [...] Eggs, larvae and pupae of sciarid flies ; thrips pupae. Mode of action The predatory mites feed on larvae of sciarid flies , thrips pupae and other soil-dwelling

Southern European marshland pyralid

fovealis) is a polyphagous species feeding on a wide range of hosts from 38 plant families. They include ornamental crop plants, such as roses and gerbera [...] in a cocoon made of webbing, frass and soil particles. The pupa itself is yellow-brown, becoming darker as the adult gets closer to emergence, and measures [...] cultivated in an ebb-and-flow irrigation system. The damage threshold varies considerably according to the crop: in begonia and kalanchoë a relatively small

Leaf miners

control is essential to protect plant vitality and maintain marketable yields. Biological control of leaf miners combines effective natural enemies and monitoring [...] Leaf miners belong to the order Diptera (the true flies ) and form the family Agromyzidae. This is a family of small flies whose larvae tunnel into the leaves [...] before the harvest is affected. The size of a leaf tunnel depends on the stage of development of the leaf, the species of host plant and the species of leaf

Shore fly

egg, three larval instars, a pupa and the adult fly. The eggs are laid singly and are bean-shaped. A first instar larva is translucent white. Second instar [...] diseases and can be a nuisance to greenhouse works by their sheer numbers. Frass deposited on leaves or flowers in ornamental crops, lettuce and herbs also [...] cosmetic damage, and sometimes this can occur on such a scale that growth, particularly of young cuttings, can be retarded. Life cycle and appearance of Shore

Sciarid flies

habitats and are attracted to a broad range of pathogenic and non-pathogenic micro-organisms for oviposition. Indirect damage is caused by the larvae and adults [...] plant material and on algae and fungi present in the soil. They, however, can also feed on root hairs, rootlets, and tender root, stem and leaf tissue. Later [...] grow to 5 to 12 mm in length and 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter. They are legless and have a conspicuous black head. The head is equipped with biting-chewing

Flies

has recently developed into a major pest on soft fruits in Europe and North America. Sciarid flies and shore flies are mainly a problem in greenhouses. Their [...] flies. Direct damage is the immediate result of larvae feeding on root hairs and tender roots as well as stem and leaf tissue and fruits. The lesions caused [...] control of flies Flies are a common pest problem in greenhouse and field crops, where they disturb plant growth, spread diseases and affect crop hygiene. Their

Beetles

species, Coleoptera is the largest of all insect orders and displays an enormous variety of form, size and habit. A number of species are a serious pest in [...] aphids . Beetles undergo a complete metamorphosis, that is, the larvae do not resemble the adult at all, and must pass through a pupal instar before reaching [...] many greenhouse and field crops by feeding on leaves, roots, or fruits, leading to reduced growth and yield loss. Effective beetle control is essential to

Spotted Wing Drosophila

SWD females by a large dark spot on each wing, where their common name is derived from. Females have a strong saw-like ovipositor that is used to penetrate [...] the spotted wing drosophila, which is originally from Asia, has spread extensively in North and South America and Europe where it has caused severe yield [...] bacteria, fungi and yeasts). Finally, deterioration of fruit can increase its susceptibility to attack by other Drosophila species. D. suzukii has a wide host

Western flower thrips

vegetable and ornamental crops in greenhouses, and on various weeds. It is an especially significant pest in cucumber, sweet pepper, eggplants, and many ornamental [...] occidentalis) is the most important vector for both tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) and impatiens necrotic spot virus (INSV). Both viruses affect a wide range [...] range of plants, and often a single host plant may be infected by both viruses. Life cycle and appearance of Western flower thrips The western flower thrips