• Sciarid flies

  areas in dark places, with a lot of organic material. They occur the whole year round. The eggs are minute (0.1 to 0.25 mm) and yellowish white in colour [...] roots. The larvae can grow to 5 to 12 mm in length and 0.5 to 1.5 mm in diameter. They are legless and have a conspicuous black head. The head is equipped [...] equipped with biting-chewing mouth parts. Pupation takes place in a small hole in the ground. Pupae are white, but later become yellow to brown. The posterior

• American serpentine leaf miner

  cosmetic damage. In tropical and subtropical areas this can lead to burning in fruit such as tomato and melon. Loss of leaves also reduces yield. In full-grown [...] and young plants can be completely destroyed as a result of the direct damage caused by leaf miners. In gerbera, the larva of the American serpentine leaf [...] American serpentine leaf miner The life cycle of a leaf miner has the following stages: egg, three larval instars, a pupal instar and the adult fly. Adult leaf

• Fall Armyworm

  disperse in a radius of about 500 km (300 miles) before oviposition, which is sufficient for them to move from seasonally dry habitats to wet habitats in Central [...] the warm, humid evenings. Females lay their eggs in clusters of 150-200 and can lay up to 2000 eggs in a lifetime. Eggs are white, pinkish or light green [...] General The fall armyworm is a polyphagous pest that is indigenous throughout the Americas. Recently, it has been found in Africa too. The caterpillars

• Tomato pinworm

  laid. The larvae have a yellowish-grayish body, changing to gray with purple spots or completely purple, with a dark brown head. In total, the larva goes [...] itself and creating a green pupal cell which darkens to brown before emergence of the adult. The number of days in this instar varies a great deal since it [...] ely 9 to 12 mm in size and their main characteristic is their mottled brown colouration. At 25°C, it survives for about a week, but in cooler places it

• Greenhouse whitefly

  symptoms The larvae of whitefly need a lot of protein for growth, and thus consume a large quantity of plant sap. This contains a high proportion of sugar, and [...] physiology of the plant, as a result of which growth is retarded. In full sunlight, leaves can wilt and fall. Such leaf damage can in turn influence the development [...] development of fruit and lead to a reduction in yield. The honeydew deposited on fruit makes it sticky. Dirt adheres to the fruit, and the growth of sooty

• Long-tailed mealybug

  effect is a reduction of photosynthesis and therefore the yield. Flowers and fruit often drop off. Plant sap is rich in sugars, but low in proteins. In order [...] first kept beneath the body in a network of fine waxy threads. Over two or three weeks, a female produces 100-200 nymphs. In the summer, the life cycle [...] such as auxiliary buds and prefers a warm, humid environment. Damage symptoms Mealybugs inflict damage on the crop in various ways: Nymphs and females extract

• Shore fly

  transmit plant diseases and can be a nuisance to greenhouse works by their sheer numbers. Frass deposited on leaves or flowers in ornamental crops, lettuce and [...] following stages: egg, three larval instars, a pupa and the adult fly. The eggs are laid singly and are bean-shaped. A first instar larva is translucent white [...] General Shore flies ( Scatella tenuicosta ) occur very commonly, often in the vicinity of water. They feed on algae. Other shore fly species have diverse

• Diamond back moth

  often stick to leaves and frequently hide in crevices near the bud. In cauliflower and broccoli, pupation may occur in the florets. Initially, the pupa is [...] adults can travel long distances to invade crops in other regions. Damage symptoms The caterpillar is a surface feeder. They feed from the lower leaf surface [...] They are deposited singly or in small groups of two or ten eggs on both the upper and lower surface of leaves, preferentially in depressions, and rarely on

• Tomato looper

  tomato fruit, often in a bunch of ripening tomatoes, however, it can also be found in the soil. The pupa has a pale green body, with a dark brown ventral [...] The body is sparsely covered with a few stiff hairs. In older caterpillars , each segment has a clear black dot above the lateral yellow lines. There are [...] chalcites ) belongs to the family of Noctuidae . It is a tropical and subtropical species originating in the Mediterranean and northern Africa. The larva is

• Cabbage looper

  General Trichoplusia is not only a damaging pest in crucifers, their favourite host, it can also be found in crops such as tomato, pepper, some cucurbits [...] they move in a “looping” manner. They take 15 to 20 days to pass through 5 instars, changing colour from yellowish green to pale green with a white band [...] Pupation takes place in webbed cocoons often on the underside of the host plants. The pupae have a green colour and then change to a coffee brown colour