even very low numbers of thrips can cause damage by transmitting viruses, or by reducing aesthetic value by damaging flowers, e.g. in roses The…
symptoms Most of the damage is caused by the older caterpillars which are voracious leaf feeders. Extensive feeding by the larvae may lead to complete…
larvae within the fruit makes them unmarketable. The punctures made by the oviposition by D. suzukii exposes fruits to secondary pathogens (e.g.…
effects of piercing by the aphids are visible in lower leaves in the form of yellow patches. Heavy yellowing may even be followed by defoliation.…
taste can also be affected. An infection by Planococcus ficus can make the plants more susceptible to injury caused by other pests and fungal…
are major crop pests. The two-spotted spider mite ( Tetranychus urticae ) is by far the most important species in greenhouses and many outdoor crops.…
world. Under natural conditions, the larvae of these species are parasitized by parasitic wasps and so cause few problems. However, the use of…
the plant or in the ground. The pre-pupal and pupal instars are recognizable by their developing wing buds. Compared with the pre-pupa, the pupa has…
at once, tunnelling down into the mesophyll tissue where damage is caused by extensive mines, leaving the outer layers of the leaf intact. Shortly…
at once, tunnelling down into the mesophyll tissue where damage is caused by extensive mines, leaving the outer layers of the leaf and stalk intact.…
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